The "security" family contains which three patterns, and what aspect of security does each address?

Multiple Authorization, Off-Chain Secret Enabled Dynamic Authorization, and X-Confirmation — the first two govern who may authorise an action, the third governs when a recorded action can be trusted as final.

• Multiple Authorization — require several pre-defined addresses (an M-of-N threshold) to jointly authorise a transaction, tolerating a lost or stolen individual key.
• Off-Chain Secret Enabled Dynamic Authorization (a.k.a. Hashlock) — authorise whoever can reveal a secret whose hash was committed on-chain, so the authoriser need not be known in advance.
• X-Confirmation — wait for X further blocks before treating a transaction as immutable, because proof-of-work finality is only probabilistic.

The first pair is about authorisation (fixed set of signers vs a dynamically determined one); the third is about finality (guarding against the chain reorganising away a recent transaction).