NETW1 Logs

0 (00000000) to 255 (11111111) — which is exactly why each IPv4 octet ranges from 0 to 255. Eight bits give 2⁸ = 256 distinct patterns, which run from 0 to 255 (256 values counting zero) — so an "all-ones" octet is 255, not 256. This is the reason a value like 256 in an IP addres...

Quiz: NETW1 / Number Systems | updated: Jul 30, 2026

A NIC is the hardware that physically connects a device to a network; a device may have several (e.g. one wired, one wireless) to attach to different networks or media. Before any network communication can happen at all, a device needs a physical connection to a local network — a...

Quiz: NETW1 / Physical Layer | updated: Jul 30, 2026

Copper is cheap, easy to install, and has long been the most common LAN cabling — but its electrical signals suffer attenuation, EMI/RFI, and crosstalk. Copper has long been the most common cabling in networks for a simple reason: it is inexpensive, easy to install, and conducts...

Quiz: NETW1 / Physical Layer | updated: Jul 30, 2026

Straight-through (same pinout both ends) connects unlike devices like PC-to-switch; crossover (T568A on one end, T568B on the other) connects like devices; rollover is Cisco's console-config cable. * Straight-through keeps the same pinout for unlike devices; crossover swaps A/B...

Quiz: NETW1 / Physical Layer | updated: Jul 30, 2026

Wireless modulates radio/microwave signals to carry bits, giving maximum mobility — but it's limited by coverage area, interference, weaker security, and the fact that it's a shared half-duplex medium. Wireless media carries electromagnetic signals — the binary 1s and 0s — throug...

Quiz: NETW1 / Physical Layer | updated: Jul 30, 2026

A protocol is the set of rules a communication follows; without shared rules, sender and receiver cannot reliably understand each other. A protocol is a set of rules that communications will follow. Why protocols are necessary: All communications are governed by protocols Protoc...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026

Each handles one layer: HTTP formats the web content, TCP manages the conversation and reliability, IP delivers globally, and Ethernet delivers across the local LAN — stacked together they move the data end to end. * HTTP, TCP, IP, and Ethernet stacked as a protocol stack. * Net...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026

They assist protocol design, foster vendor competition/interoperability, prevent changes in one layer from affecting others, and give a common language for describing networking. Networking is too complex to reason about all at once, so we split it into layers — each with one job...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026

De-encapsulation is the reverse of encapsulation: as data moves up the stack at the receiver, each layer strips off its own header (and trailer) until the application gets a clean data stream. * Each layer strips its own header going up the stack at the receiver. * Process (rece...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026

The Layer 2 (Data Link) PDU is the frame — a packet wrapped with a header (source/destination MAC) and a trailer (FCS for error checking). * The Layer 2 frame: MAC header, the packet, and an FCS trailer. * The Data Link layer takes a packet from the Network layer and wraps it in...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026