What year is associated with the von Neumann architecture (the stored-program computer)?

1945 → tub · railway.

John von Neumann's 1945 "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" described the stored-program computer — where the program's instructions live in the same memory as the data they operate on, so a machine can be reprogrammed by loading new instructions rather than physically rewiring it. Drawn from the ENIAC team's work (Eckert and Mauchly deserve much of the credit the single-authored draft obscured), it remains the blueprint of nearly every computer built since. Its one famous flaw — the von Neumann bottleneck, where processor and memory must share a single channel — still shapes chip design today. Peg 19 · 45 → tub · railway: a railway running through a bath tub.