What is a stakeholder in IAM, and how does it differ from an actor?

A stakeholder is a real-world person, group or organisation with an interest in the IAM system; stakeholders have requirements towards the actors, while actors are the roles that execute the processes.

eCH-0219 names five stakeholders: the service consumer (Leistungsbezüger, who wants to use an online service), the service provider in the business sense (Leistungserbringer, who wants to offer services and hand access protection to IAM providers), the IAM service provider (Dienstanbieter, who wants to offer IAM services), management (Führung, who wants a stable system) and the regulator (who wants interoperability, robustness and security). A stakeholder motivates an actor; for example the service consumer becomes the subject when they act in a process.